Adenosine (ATP)
Below 2013 study used 0.75% ATP topically (via skin).
Minoxidil is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensitive potassium channel opener that demonstrated some effects on hair growth cycle through different mechanisms like up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, stimulating dermal papilla cell (DPC) proliferation, increasing DPC survival and preventing DPC apoptosis and death [2013].
Adenosine has a mechanism of action linked to that of Minoxidil [2018]. Adenosine increased the proportion of thick hair and hair density [2015].
Keratin (KE)
Below 2017 study doesn’t say what percentage Keratin Extract concentration, was topical (via skin).
Keratin Extract (KE) has potential for hair growth promotion by inducing the anagen (growth) phase in telogenic (rest phase) mice. KE demonstrated high bio-compatibility for promoting cellular regeneration. In KE treated mice, we observed an increase in the number, shaft of the follicle, and deep subcutis area, which served as evidence of induction of anagen phase. Taken together, our results suggest that KE promotes hair follicles growth by inducing anagen phase and might be a new and promising source of biomaterial for hair growth [2017].
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
LLLT Increases collagen production and decreases collagen degradation. LLLT increases production of pro-collagen, collagen, basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF), and proliferation of fibroblasts after exposure to low-energy laser irradiation in vitro (in a glass) and in vivo (within a living thing) animal models. Furthermore, LLLT was already known to increase microcirculation, vascular perfusion in the skin, alter platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) and inhibit apoptosis [2013].
LLLT seems to increase anagen (growth) phase hairs as well as reduce inflammation in Alopecia Areata (AA). It helps with Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA), Alopecia Areata (AA), and chemotherapy-induced alopecia. It helps with graft survival, which suggests it may help in the immediate post-hair transplant period. Most studies have used wavelengths from 635 nm to 650 nm [2013].
Peppermint Oil (PEO)
Below 2014 study used essential PEO diluted to 3% topically (via skin).
Peppermint Oil (PEO) stimulates both dermal papilla and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which promotes blood circulation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. PEO facilitates hair growth by promoting the conservation of vascularization of hair dermal papilla, which may contribute to the induction of early anagen stage. PEO showed remarkably increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression [2014].